Transformational
Theory
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Inspirational leadership that promotes employee
development, attends to needs and motives of followers, inspires through
optimism, influences changes in perception, provides intellectual stimulation
and encourages follower creativity.
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Inspire
through optimism and provide intellectual stimulation
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Encouragement
of follower creativity
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Provide
sense of direction and encouragement of self-management
Transformational
theory
may be found at all levels of the organization such as teams, departments,
divisions and organization as a whole.
Transformational
leaders
are visionary, inspiring, daring, risk-takers and thoughtful thinkers. Leaders
must exhibits the following four factors
The common examples of transformational
leaders are Mahatma Gandhi and Obama
Inspirational Motivation:
The foundation of transformational leadership is the promotion of consistent
vision, mission, and a set of values to the members. Their vision is so
compelling that they know what they want from every interaction.
Intellectual Stimulation:
Such leaders encourage their followers to be innovative and creative. They
encourage new ideas from their followers and never criticize them publicly for
the mistakes committed by them.
Idealized Influence:
They believe in the philosophy that a leader can influence followers only when
he practices what he preaches. Such leaders always win the trust and respect of
their followers through their action.
Individualized Consideration:
Leaders act as mentors to their followers and reward them for creativity and
innovation. The followers are empowered to make decisions and are always
provided with the needed support to implement their decisions.
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First introduced the concept of transforming leadership in his
descriptive research on political leaders, but this term is now used in
organizational psychology as well.
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According to Burns, transforming leadership is a process in which
"leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of
morale and motivation".
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He established two concepts:
- Transforming
leadership- the transforming
approach creates significant change in the life of people and
organizations. It redesigns perceptions and values, and changes
expectations and aspirations of employees
- Transactional
leadership- it is not based
on a "give and take" relationship, but on the leader's
personality, traits and ability to make a change through example,
articulation of an energizing vision and challenging goals.
Bernard M. Bass (1985)
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He introduced the term "transformational" in place of
"transforming." he added to the initial concepts of Burns (1978) to
help explain how transformational leadership could be measured, as well as how
it impacts follower motivation and performance.
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According to him, the extent to which a leader is transformational is
measured
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First, in terms of his influence on the followers. The followers of such
a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader and because
of the qualities of the transformational leader are willing to work harder than
originally expected. These outcomes occur because the transformational leader
offers followers something more than just working for self-gain.
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They provide followers with an inspiring mission and vision and give
them an identity. The leader transforms and motivates followers through his or
her idealized influence (earlier referred to as charisma), intellectual
stimulation and individual consideration.
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In addition, this leader encourages followers to come up with new and
unique ways to challenge the status quo and to alter the environment to support
being successful.
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Finally, in contrast to Burns, Bass suggested that leadership can
simultaneously display both transformational and transactional leadership.
The full range of leadership introduces four elements of
transformational leadership:
- Individualized
Consideration – the degree
to which the leader attends to each follower's needs, acts as a mentor or coach
to the follower and listens to the follower's concerns and needs.
- Intellectual
Stimulation – The
degree, to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and
solicits followers' ideas.
- Inspirational
Motivation – the degree
to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring
to followers. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are
to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning provide the energy that drives
a group forward..
- Idealized
Influence – Provides a
role model for high ethical behavior, instills pride, gains respect and
trust.
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As a development tool, transformational leadership has spread already in
all sectors of western societies, including governmental organizations.
Transformational Leadership begins with awareness – awareness of our own thoughts and feelings,
and how these affect our actions. As this awareness grows, we see our own inner
motivating force, what drives us – our passions and values – and how these
affect our thoughts, feelings and actions.
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