Miyerkules, Nobyembre 14, 2012

TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY


Transformational Theory
-          Inspirational leadership that promotes employee development, attends to needs and motives of followers, inspires through optimism, influences changes in perception, provides intellectual stimulation and encourages follower creativity.
-          Inspire through optimism and provide intellectual stimulation
-          Encouragement of follower creativity
-          Provide sense of direction and encouragement of self-management

Transformational theory may be found at all levels of the organization such as teams, departments, divisions and organization as a whole. 

Transformational leaders are visionary, inspiring, daring, risk-takers and thoughtful thinkers. Leaders must exhibits the following four factors

The common examples of transformational leaders are Mahatma Gandhi and Obama

Inspirational Motivation: The foundation of transformational leadership is the promotion of consistent vision, mission, and a set of values to the members. Their vision is so compelling that they know what they want from every interaction.
Intellectual Stimulation: Such leaders encourage their followers to be innovative and creative. They encourage new ideas from their followers and never criticize them publicly for the mistakes committed by them.
Idealized Influence: They believe in the philosophy that a leader can influence followers only when he practices what he preaches. Such leaders always win the trust and respect of their followers through their action.
Individualized Consideration: Leaders act as mentors to their followers and reward them for creativity and innovation. The followers are empowered to make decisions and are always provided with the needed support to implement their decisions.

Development Concept

James MacGregor Burns (1978)
-          First introduced the concept of transforming leadership in his descriptive research on political leaders, but this term is now used in organizational psychology as well.
-          According to Burns, transforming leadership is a process in which "leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation".
-          He established two concepts:
  1. Transforming leadership- the transforming approach creates significant change in the life of people and organizations. It redesigns perceptions and values, and changes expectations and aspirations of employees

  1. Transactional leadership- it is not based on a "give and take" relationship, but on the leader's personality, traits and ability to make a change through example, articulation of an energizing vision and challenging goals.

Bernard M. Bass (1985)
-          He introduced the term "transformational" in place of "transforming." he added to the initial concepts of Burns (1978) to help explain how transformational leadership could be measured, as well as how it impacts follower motivation and performance.
-          According to him, the extent to which a leader is transformational is measured
-          First, in terms of his influence on the followers. The followers of such a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader and because of the qualities of the transformational leader are willing to work harder than originally expected. These outcomes occur because the transformational leader offers followers something more than just working for self-gain. 
-          They provide followers with an inspiring mission and vision and give them an identity. The leader transforms and motivates followers through his or her idealized influence (earlier referred to as charisma), intellectual stimulation and individual consideration.
-          In addition, this leader encourages followers to come up with new and unique ways to challenge the status quo and to alter the environment to support being successful.
-          Finally, in contrast to Burns, Bass suggested that leadership can simultaneously display both transformational and transactional leadership.

The full range of leadership introduces four elements of transformational leadership:
  1. Individualized Consideration – the degree to which the leader attends to each follower's needs, acts as a mentor or coach to the follower and listens to the follower's concerns and needs.
  2. Intellectual Stimulation – The degree, to which the leader challenges assumptions, takes risks and solicits followers' ideas.
  3. Inspirational Motivation – the degree to which the leader articulates a vision that is appealing and inspiring to followers. Followers need to have a strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act. Purpose and meaning provide the energy that drives a group forward..
  4. Idealized Influence – Provides a role model for high ethical behavior, instills pride, gains respect and trust.

-          As a development tool, transformational leadership has spread already in all sectors of western societies, including governmental organizations.

Transformational Leadership begins with awareness – awareness of our own thoughts and feelings, and how these affect our actions. As this awareness grows, we see our own inner motivating force, what drives us – our passions and values – and how these affect our thoughts, feelings and actions.

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